The area of civil law dealing with the intentional or negligent harming of another person is known as tort law. Tort cases can be challenging, and you may wish to consult with an attorney to discuss your specific situation. The information below provides some background on some potential causes of action.

The most common tort claims arise from the negligence of one person, such as in automobile accidents where one person’s carelessness or reckless driving causes another person’s injury. The negligent person must compensate the injured person's damages.

Wrongful Death Act - When a person’s death is caused by the wrongful act of another, it may be possible for certain surviving relatives to sue the wrongdoer and recover damages for the loss they sustained. The measure of damages is generally the “pecuniary” loss suffered by the relatives (i.e., the loss of financial support, services and contributions that can be valued in money which they would have received from the deceased had the deceased not been killed). In Maryland, damages are not limited to pecuniary losses for the death of a “spouse, minor child or parent of a minor child,” and may include such things as mental anguish, emotional pain and suffering, and loss of companionship, protection, comfort, advice, counsel, or education.

State statutes create wrongful death claims. Therefore, requirements differ from state to state. In Maryland, the only “beneficiaries” who can bring an action for wrongful death are the wife, husband, parent, and child of the deceased (“primary beneficiaries”). If there are no primary beneficiaries, then any person related to the deceased person by blood or marriage, who was wholly dependent upon the deceased, may bring an action. Per the statute, unmarried cohabitants are not beneficiaries.

Read the Law: Md. Code, Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article § 3-904

Unmarried cohabitants do qualify as dependents for purposes of the Workers’ Compensation Act, through which employers compensate survivors for employees’ deaths occurring in the course of employment. Maryland cases support the concept that the Wrongful Death Act and the Workers’ Compensation Act must be construed together. However, the definition of the “dependents” who can recover under each act is different and potentially in conflict.

Until a court opinion decides the question, it is unclear whether an unmarried dependent cohabitant can recover under the Wrongful Death Act. If an individual qualifies as a dependent under the Workers’ Compensation Act, chances are very good that the individual would be a proper plaintiff in a wrongful death action, despite the “blood or marriage” language in the statute.

Few states grant unmarried cohabitants the right to sue for the wrongful death of their partners. Only those states which allow “dependents” to sue would be likely to even consider such a claim. This is an area of law that may undergo some change in the future as more couples choose unmarried family life over marriage. The term “spouse” in wrongful death statutes, as well as worker’s compensation acts, may give way to include unmarried cohabitants.

Loss of Consortium - In Maryland, a loss of consortium claim (i.e., the loss of society, affection, assistance, and sexual relations) can only be asserted in a joint action by both spouses for injury to the marital relationship. It must be tried at the same time as the individual action brought by the injured spouse against the allegedly negligent defendant. Maryland does not recognize a claim for loss of consortium by unmarried cohabitants. Also, unlike the Wrongful Death Act and the Workers' Compensation Act, Maryland case law addresses a spouse's right of action for loss of consortium.